Anchorage Digital, a crypto custodian and federally chartered bank, said it will start phasing out and direct institutional clients to convert USDC USDC and other stablecoins into rival token Global Dollar (USDG) in a sweeping move that drew criticism from industry players.

The firm released a “Stablecoin Safety Matrix” that ranks stablecoins based on regulatory oversight and reserve asset management on Tuesday.

Circle-issued USDC, which is the second-largest stablecoin with a $61 billion supply and is popular among institutions, was deemed no longer suitable under Anchorage’s security framework. Two other, smaller tokens, Agora USD (AUSD) and Usual USD (USD0), were also slated for removal. Stablecoins are cryptocurrencies with their prices tied to an external asset, predominantly to the U.S. dollar.

“Following our Stablecoin Safety Matrix, USDC, AUSD, and USD0 no longer satisfy Anchorage Digital’s internal criteria for long-term resilience,” Rachel Anderika, head of global operations at Anchorage, said in a statement justifying the decision. “Specifically, we identified elevated concentration risks associated with their issuer structures — something we believe institutions should carefully evaluate.”

“Anchorage Digital is focused on supporting stablecoins that demonstrate strong transparency, independence, security, and alignment with future regulatory expectations,” she added.

Stablecoin race heats up

The move came at a time when competition in the stablecoin market is heating up with global banks, payments firms and crypto companies jockeying for position in the rapidly-growing sector.

The U.S. Senate recently passed the GENIUS Act that aims to enact clear rules for the asset class and issuers, which could open the gates for broader adoption. On Friday, White House crypto czar David Sacks suggested that the bill may become law as soon as next month, pending passage in the House of Representatives.

Reports by Citi and Standard Chartered reports projected the asset class to grow from the current $250 billion to trillions through the next few years. Circle (CRCL), the company behind the USDC token, recently went public and skyrocketed in valuation.

Anchorage gave USDC a score of 2 out of 5 for regulatory oversight and reserve management. The report said there was “no substantive prudential oversight” and that Circle had a large — about 15% — amount of its reserves held in cash at banks. Notably, USDC depegged temporarily in March 2023 when partner bank Silicon Valley Bank went under. Tether’s USDT, the world’s largest stablecoin, had a higher rating with Anchorage pointing to it being regulated in El Salvador.

S&P Ratings rated USDC “strong,” its second-best rating in its stablecoin stability assessment. Bluechip, a crypto-native stablecoin rating firm, gave USDC a B+ rating in its economic safety rating.

Industry leaders push back

Anchorage’s decision met with fierce pushback.

Nick Van Eck, whose firm Agora issues AUSD, accused Anchorage of misrepresenting facts about his stablecoin and failing to disclose its commercial interest in Global Dollar. USDG is issued by Paxos and is backed by a consortium of firms that share the income from the reserve assets backing the token. Anchorage is a founding partner in that consortium.

“If Anchorage had just delisted USDC and AUSD to prioritize the stablecoins that they have an economic interest in, I would understand it as a business decision,” he said in an X post. “But attempting to delegitimize AUSD and USDC for ‘security concerns,’ while knowingly publishing false information, is unserious and bizarre.”

“Never seen such an obvious hit piece be so poorly executed,” said Viktor Bunin, protocol specialist at digital asset exchange Coinbase. Coinbase jointly launched USDC with Circle in 2018, and shared revenue from the reserve assets backing the token.

Jan Van Eck, father of Nick Van Eck and CEO of asset manager Van Eck, which manages AUSD’s backing assets, also questioned the risk assessment.

“If you need a laugh, check out this ‘safety’ matrix before Anchorage pulls it down. According to the matrix, Circle’s USDC (world’s second largest stablecoin) and AUSD (backed 100% by treasuries) have reserve issues,” he posted on X. “Oh, and by the way, AUSD’s reserve manager is regulated by umpteen different regulators.”

Circle, in a statement sent to CoinDesk, defended the firm’s “long-standing compliance record” and “strong reputation as an industry leader.”

“We comply with the prevailing U.S. regulatory standards that apply to leading fintech and payments firms, and we were the first stablecoin issuer to achieve full compliance with the European Union’s landmark crypto law,” a Circle spokesperson said. “USDC is 100% backed by fiat-denominated reserves and has robust primary liquidity through a well-developed network of banks, representing what we view as the highest levels of transparency, safety, and operational resiliency in our industry.”

Support came for Circle and Agora outside of the two stablecoins’ camp.

“For the record, BitGo is not dropping USDC support,” said Chen Fang, chief revenue officer at crypto custodian BitGo.

“Agora and Circle are long-standing partners of ours, and our customers count on safe, transparent rails for USD settlement,” said Joshua Lim, co-head of markets at crypto prime broker FalconX, adding that his company “is ready to support clients using AUSD and USDC.”